Back/forward cache

Optimize your pages for instant loads when using the browser's back and forward buttons.

Philip Walton

Barry Pollard

Back/forward cache (or bfcache) is a browser optimization that enables instant back and forward navigation. It significantly improves the browsing experience for users—especially those with slower networks or devices.

As web developers, it's critical to understand how to optimize your pages for bfcache across all browsers, so your users can reap the benefits.

Browser compatibility

bfcache has been supported in both Firefox and Safari for many years, across desktop and mobile.

Starting in version 86, Chrome enabled bfcache for cross-site navigations on Android for a small percentage of users. In subsequent releases, additional support slowly rolled out. Since version 96, bfcache is enabled for all Chrome users across desktop and mobile.

bfcache basics

bfcache is an in-memory cache that stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is navigating away. With the entire page in memory, the browser can quickly and easily restore it if the user decides to return.

How many times have you visited a website and clicked a link to go to another page, only to realize it's not what you wanted and click the back button? In that moment, bfcache can make a big difference in how fast the previous page loads:

Check out this video of bfcache in action to understand the speed up it can bring to navigations:

In the video above, the example with bfcache is quite a bit faster than the example without it.

bfcache not only speeds up navigation, it also reduces data usage, since resources do not have to be downloaded again.

Chrome usage data shows that 1 in 10 navigations on desktop and 1 in 5 on mobile are either back or forward. With bfcache enabled, browsers could eliminate the data transfer and time spent loading for billions of web pages every single day!

How the "cache" works

The "cache" used by bfcache is different from the HTTP cache (which is also useful in speeding up repeat navigations). The bfcache is a snapshot of the entire page in memory (including the JavaScript heap), whereas the HTTP cache contains only the responses for previously made requests. Since it's quite rare that all requests required to load a page can be fulfilled from the HTTP cache, repeat visits using bfcache restores are always faster than even the most well-optimized non-bfcache navigations.

Creating a snapshot of a page in memory, however, involves some complexity in terms of how best to preserve in-progress code. For example, how do you handle setTimeout() calls where the timeout is reached while the page is in the bfcache?

The answer is that browsers pause running any pending timers or unresolved promises—essentially all pending tasks in the JavaScript task queues—and resume processing tasks when (or if) the page is restored from the bfcache.

In some cases this is fairly low-risk (for example, timeouts or promises), but in other cases it might lead to very confusing or unexpected behavior. For example, if the browser pauses a task that's required as part of an IndexedDB transaction, it can affect other open tabs in the same origin (since the same IndexedDB databases can be accessed by multiple tabs simultaneously). As a result, browsers will generally not attempt to cache pages in the middle of an IndexedDB transaction or using APIs that might affect other pages.

For more details on how various API usage affects a page's bfcache eligibility, see Optimize your pages for bfcache below.

The bfcache and Single Page Apps (SPA)

The bfcache works with browser-managed navigations. Therefore, it doesn't work with so called "soft navigations" within an SPA but one of the big selling points of an SPA is that those types of navigations should be fast anyway. However, the bfcache can definitely help when going back to an SPA rather than doing a full re-initialisation of that app again from the start.

APIs to observe bfcache

While bfcache is an optimization that browsers do automatically, it's still important for developers to know when it's happening so they can optimize their pages for it and adjust any metrics or performance measurement accordingly.

The primary events used to observe bfcache are the page transition events—pageshow and pagehide—which have been around as long as bfcache has and are supported in pretty much all browsers in use today.

The newer Page Lifecycle events—freeze and resume—are also dispatched when pages go in or out of the bfcache, as well as in some other situations. For example when a background tab gets frozen to minimize CPU usage. Note, the Page Lifecycle events are currently only supported in Chromium-based browsers.

Observe when a page is restored from bfcache

The pageshow event fires right after the load event when the page is initially loading and any time the page is restored from bfcache. The pageshow event has a persisted property which will be true if the page was restored from bfcache (and false if not). You can use the persisted property to distinguish regular page loads from bfcache restores. For example:

window.addEventListener('pageshow', (event) => {
  if (event.persisted) {
    console.log('This page was restored from the bfcache.');
  } else {
    console.log('This page was loaded normally.');
  }
});

In browsers that support the Page Lifecycle API, the resume event will also fire when pages are restored from bfcache (immediately before the pageshow event), though it will also fire when a user revisits a frozen background tab. If you want to update a page's state after it's frozen (which includes pages in the bfcache), you can use the resume event, but if you want to measure your site's bfcache hit rate, you'd need to use the pageshow event. In some cases, you might need to use both.

Observe when a page is entering bfcache

The pagehide event is the counterpart to the pageshow event. The pageshow event fires when a page is either loaded normally or restored from the bfcache. The pagehide event fires when the page is either unloaded normally or when the browser attempts to put it into the bfcache.

The pagehide event also has a persisted property, and if it's false then you can be confident a page is not about to enter the bfcache. However, if the persisted property is true, it doesn't guarantee that a page will be cached. It means that the browser intends to cache the page, but there may be factors that make it impossible to cache.

window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
  if (event.persisted) {
    console.log('This page *might* be entering the bfcache.');
  } else {
    console.log('This page will unload normally and be discarded.');
  }
});

Similarly, the freeze event will fire immediately after the pagehide event (if the event's persisted property is true), but again that only means the browser intends to cache the page. It may still have to discard it for a number of reasons explained below.

Optimize your pages for bfcache

Not all pages get stored in bfcache, and even when a page does get stored there, it won't stay there indefinitely. It's critical that developers understand what makes pages eligible (and ineligible) for bfcache to maximize their cache-hit rates.

The following sections outline the best practices to make it as likely as possible that the browser can cache your pages.

Never use the unload event

The most important way to optimize for bfcache in all browsers is to never use the unload event. Ever!

The unload event is problematic for browsers because it predates bfcache and many pages on the internet operate under the (reasonable) assumption that a page will not continue to exist after the unload event has fired. This presents a challenge because many of those pages were also built with the assumption that the unload event would fire any time a user is navigating away, which is no longer true (and hasn't been true for a long time).

So browsers are faced with a dilemma, they have to choose between something that can improve the user experience—but might also risk breaking the page.

On desktop, Chrome and Firefox have chosen to make pages ineligible for bfcache if they add an unload listener, which is less risky but also disqualifies a lot of pages. Safari will attempt to cache some pages with an unload event listener, but to reduce potential breakage it will not run the unload event when a user is navigating away, which makes the event very unreliable.

On mobile, Chrome and Safari will attempt to cache pages with an unload event listener since the risk of breakage is lower due to the fact that the unload event has always been extremely unreliable on mobile. Firefox treats pages that use unload as ineligible for the bfcache, except on iOS, which requires all browsers to use the WebKit rendering engine, and so it behaves like Safari.

Instead of using the unload event, use the pagehide event. The pagehide event fires in all cases where the unload event currently fires, and it also fires when a page is put in the bfcache.

In fact, Lighthouse has a no-unload-listeners audit, which will warn developers if any JavaScript on their pages (including that from third-party libraries) adds an unload event listener.

Due to its unreliability, and the performance impact for bfcache, Chrome is looking to deprecate the unload event.

Use Permission Policy to prevent unload handlers being used on a page

Sites that do not use unload event handlers can ensure these are not added by using a Permissions Policy from Chrome 115.

Permission-Policy: unload()

This prevent third parties or extensions from slowing the site down by adding unload handlers and making the site ineligible for the bfcache.

Only add beforeunload listeners conditionally

The beforeunload event will not make your pages ineligible for bfcache in modern browsers bfcache but previously it did and it is still unreliable, so avoid using it unless absolutely necessary.

Unlike the unload event, however, there are legitimate uses for beforeunload. For example, when you want to warn the user that they have unsaved changes they'll lose if they leave the page. In this case, it's recommended that you only add beforeunload listeners when a user has unsaved changes and then remove them immediately after the unsaved changes are saved.

window.addEventListener('beforeunload', (event) => {
  if (pageHasUnsavedChanges()) {
    event.preventDefault();
    return event.returnValue = 'Are you sure you want to exit?';
  }
});

function beforeUnloadListener(event) {
  event.preventDefault();
  return event.returnValue = 'Are you sure you want to exit?';
};

// A function that invokes a callback when the page has unsaved changes.
onPageHasUnsavedChanges(() => {
  window.addEventListener('beforeunload', beforeUnloadListener);
});

// A function that invokes a callback when the page's unsaved changes are resolved.
onAllChangesSaved(() => {
  window.removeEventListener('beforeunload', beforeUnloadListener);
});

Minimize use of Cache-Control: no-store

Cache-Control: no-store is an HTTP header web servers can set on responses that instructs the browser not to store the response in any HTTP cache. This should be used for resources containing sensitive user information, for example pages behind a login.

Though bfcache is not an HTTP cache, historically, when Cache-Control: no-store is set on the page resource itself (as opposed to any subresource), browsers have chosen not to store the page in bfcache. There is work underway to change this behavior for Chrome in a privacy-preserving manner, but at present any pages using Cache-Control: no-store will not be eligible for bfcache.

Since Cache-Control: no-store restricts a page's eligibility for bfcache, it should only be set on pages that contain sensitive information where caching of any sort is never appropriate.

For pages that wish to always serve up-to-date content—and that content does not contain sensitive information—use Cache-Control: no-cache or Cache-Control: max-age=0. These directives instruct the browser to revalidate the content before serving it, and they do not affect a page's bfcache eligibility.

Note that when a page is restored from bfcache, it is restored from memory, not from the HTTP cache. As a result, directives like Cache-Control: no-cache or Cache-Control: max-age=0 are not taken into account, and no revalidation occurs before the content is displayed to the user.

This is still likely a better user experience, however, as bfcache restores are instant and—since pages do not stay in the bfcache for very long—it's unlikely that the content is out of date. However, if your content does change minute-by-minute, you can fetch any updates using the pageshow event, as outlined in the next section.

Update stale or sensitive data after bfcache restore

If your site keeps user state—especially any sensitive user information—that data needs to be updated or cleared after a page is restored from bfcache.

For example, if a user navigates to a checkout page and then updates their shopping cart, a back navigation could potentially expose out-of-date information if a stale page is restored from bfcache.

Another, more critical example is if a user signs out of a site on a public computer and the next user clicks the back button. This could potentially expose private data that the user assumed was cleared when they logged out.

To avoid situations like this, it's good to always update the page after a pageshow event if event.persisted is true:

window.addEventListener('pageshow', (event) => {
  if (event.persisted) {
    // Do any checks and updates to the page
  }
});

While ideally you would update the content in place, for some changes you may wish to force a full reload. The following code checks for the presence of a site-specific cookie in the pageshow event and reloads if the cookie is not found:

window.addEventListener('pageshow', (event) => {
  if (event.persisted && !document.cookie.match(/my-cookie/)) {
    // Force a reload if the user has logged out.
    location.reload();
  }
});

A reload has the advantage that will still preserve the history (to allow forward navigations), but a redirect may be more appropriate in some cases.

Ads and bfcache restore

It may be tempting to try to avoid the use of bfcache to serve a new set of ads on each back/forward navigaton. However, as well as having a performance impact, it is questionable whether such behavior leads to better ad engagement. Users may have noticed an ad they intended to return to click on but by reloading rather than restoring from the bfcache they not be able to. Testing this scenario—ideally with an A/B test—is important before making assumptions.

For sites that do want to refresh ads on bfcache restore, then refreshing just the ads on the pageshow event when event.persisted is true allows this to happen without impacting the page performance. Check with your ad provider but here is one example on how to do this with Google Publishing Tag.

Avoid window.opener references

In older browsers if a page was opened using window.open() from a link with target=_blank—without specifying rel="noopener"—then the opening page will have a reference to the window object of the opened page.

In addition to being a security risk, a page with a non-null window.opener reference cannot safely be put into the bfcache because that could break any pages attempting to access it.

As a result, it's best to avoid creating window.opener references. You can do this by using rel="noopener" whenever possible (note, this is now the default in all modern browsers). If your site requires opening a window and controlling it through window.postMessage() or directly referencing the window object, neither the opened window nor the opener will be eligible for the bfcache.

Always close open connections before the user navigates away

As mentioned above, when a page is put into the bfcache all scheduled JavaScript tasks are paused and then resumed when the page is taken out of the cache.

If these scheduled JavaScript tasks are only accessing DOM APIs—or other APIs isolated to just the current page—then pausing these tasks while the page is not visible to the user is not going to cause any problems.

However, if these tasks are connected to APIs that are also accessible from other pages in the same origin (for example: IndexedDB, Web Locks, WebSockets, etc.) this can be problematic because pausing these tasks may prevent code in other tabs from running.

As a result, some browsers will not attempt to put a page in bfcache in the following scenarios:

• Pages with an open IndexedDB connection
• Pages with in-progress fetch() or XMLHttpRequest
• Pages with an open WebSocket or WebRTC connection

If your page is using any of these APIs, it's best to always close connections and remove or disconnect observers during the pagehide or freeze event. That will allow the browser to safely cache the page without the risk of it affecting other open tabs.

Then, if the page is restored from the bfcache, you can re-open or re-connect to those APIs (in the pageshow or resume event).

The following example shows how to ensure your pages are eligible for bfcache when using IndexedDB by closing an open connection in the pagehide event listener:

let dbPromise;
function openDB() {
  if (!dbPromise) {
    dbPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      const req = indexedDB.open('my-db', 1);
      req.onupgradeneeded = () => req.result.createObjectStore('keyval');
      req.onerror = () => reject(req.error);
      req.onsuccess = () => resolve(req.result);
    });
  }
  return dbPromise;
}

// Close the connection to the database when the user is leaving.
window.addEventListener('pagehide', () => {
  if (dbPromise) {
    dbPromise.then(db => db.close());
    dbPromise = null;
  }
});

// Open the connection when the page is loaded or restored from bfcache.
window.addEventListener('pageshow', () => openDB());

Test to ensure your pages are cacheable

Chrome DevTools can help you test your pages to ensure they're optimized for bfcache, and identify any issues that may be preventing them from being eligible.

To test a particular page, navigate to it in Chrome and then in DevTools go to Application > Back-forward Cache. Next click the Run Test button and DevTools will attempt to navigate away and back to determine whether the page could be restored from bfcache.

If successful, the panel will report "Restored from back-forward cache":

If unsuccessful, the panel will indicate the page was not restored and list the reason why.

If the reason is something you as a developer can address, that will also be indicated:

In the screenshot above, the use of an unload event listener is preventing the page from being eligible for bfcache. You can fix that by switching from unload to using pagehide instead:

window.addEventListener('unload', ...);

window.addEventListener('pagehide', ...);

Lighthouse 10.0 also added a bfcache audit, which performs a similar test to the one DevTools does, and also provides reasons why the page is ineligible if the audit fails. Take a look at the bfcache audit's docs for more information.

How bfcache affects analytics and performance measurement

If you track visits to your site with an analytics tool, you will likely notice a decrease in the total number of pageviews reported as Chrome continues to enable bfcache for more users.

In fact, you're likely already underreporting pageviews from other browsers that implement bfcache since most of the popular analytics libraries do not track bfcache restores as new pageviews.

If you don't want your pageview counts to go down due to Chrome enabling bfcache, you can report bfcache restores as pageviews (recommended) by listening to the pageshow event and checking the persisted property.

The following example shows how to do this with Google Analytics; the logic should be similar for other analytics tools:

// Send a pageview when the page is first loaded.
gtag('event', 'page_view');

window.addEventListener('pageshow', (event) => {
  // Send another pageview if the page is restored from bfcache.
  if (event.persisted) {
    gtag('event', 'page_view');
  }
});

Measuring your bfcache hit ratio

You may also wish to track whether the bfcache was used, to help identify pages that are not utilizing the bfcache. This can be done by measuring the navigation type for page loads:

// Send a navigation_type when the page is first loaded.
gtag('event', 'page_view', {
   'navigation_type': performance.getEntriesByType('navigation')[0].type;
});

window.addEventListener('pageshow', (event) => {
  if (event.persisted) {
    // Send another pageview if the page is restored from bfcache.
    gtag('event', 'page_view', {
      'navigation_type': 'back_forward_cache';
    });
  }
});

By looking at the ratio of back_forward navigations to back_forward_cache the bfcache ratio can be calculated.

It is important to realize that there are a number of scenarios, outside of the site owners control, when a Back/Forward navigation will not use the bfcache, including:

• when the user quits the browser and starts it again
• when the user duplicates a tab
• when the user closes a tab and uncloses it

In some of these cases the original navigation type may be preserved by some browsers and so may show a type of back_forward despite these not being Back/Forward navigations.

Even without those exclusions the bfcache will be discarded after a period to conserve memory.

So, website owners should not be expecting a 100% bfcache hit ratio for all back_forward navigations. However, measuring their ratio can be useful to identify pages where the page itself is preventing bfcache usage for a high proportion of back and forward navigations.

The Chrome team is working on a NotRestoredReasons API to help expose the reasons why the bfcache was not used to help developers understand the reasoning the cache was not used and if this is something they can work on to improve for their sites.

Performance measurement

bfcache can also negatively affect performance metrics collected in the field, specifically metrics that measure page load times.

Since bfcache navigations restore an existing page rather than initiate a new page load, the total number of page loads collected will decrease when bfcache is enabled. What's critical, though, is that the page loads being replaced by bfcache restores would likely have been some of the fastest page loads in your dataset. This is because back and forward navigations, by definition, are repeat visits, and repeat page loads are generally faster than page loads from first time visitors (due to HTTP caching, as mentioned earlier).

The result is fewer fast page loads in your dataset, which will likely skew the distribution slower—despite the fact that the performance experienced by the user has probably improved!

There are a few ways to deal with this issue. One is to annotate all page load metrics with their respective navigation type: navigate, reload, back_forward, or prerender. This will allow you to continue to monitor your performance within these navigation types—even if the overall distribution skews negative. This approach is recommended for non-user-centric page load metrics like Time to First Byte (TTFB).

For user-centric metrics like the Core Web Vitals, a better option is to report a value that more accurately represents what the user experiences.

Impact on Core Web Vitals

Core Web Vitals measure the user's experience of a web page across a variety of dimensions (loading speed, interactivity, visual stability), and since users experience bfcache restores as faster navigations than traditional page loads, it's important that the Core Web Vitals metrics reflect this. After all, a user doesn't care whether or not bfcache was enabled, they just care that the navigation was fast!

Tools like the Chrome User Experience Report, that collect and report on the Core Web Vitals metrics treat bfcache restores as separate page visits in their dataset.

And while there aren't (yet) dedicated web performance APIs for measuring these metrics after bfcache restores, their values can be approximated using existing web APIs.

• For Largest Contentful Paint (LCP), you can use the delta between the pageshow event's timestamp and the timestamp of the next painted frame (since all elements in the frame will be painted at the same time). Note that in the case of a bfcache restore, LCP and FCP will be the same.
• For First Input Delay (FID), you can re-add the event listeners (the same ones used by the FID polyfill) in the pageshow event, and report FID as the delay of the first input after the bfcache restore.
• For Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS), you can continue to keep using your existing Performance Observer; all you have to do is reset the current CLS value to 0.

For more details on how bfcache affects each metric, refer to the individual Core Web Vitals metric guides pages. And for a specific example of how to implement bfcache versions of these metrics in code, refer to the PR adding them to the web-vitals JS library.

Additional Resources

• Firefox Caching (bfcache in Firefox)
• Page Cache (bfcache in Safari)
• Back/forward cache: web exposed behavior (bfcache differences across browsers)
• bfcache tester (test how different APIs and events affect bfcache in browsers)
• Performance Game Changer: Browser Back/Forward Cache (a case study from Smashing Magazine showing dramatic Core Web Vitals improvements by enabling bfcache)